Investment

Risk tolerance is not static. It evolves as personal circumstances, financial responsibilities, and long-term goals change. Reevaluating risk tolerance at different life stages helps ensure that investment strategies remain aligned with both financial needs and emotional comfort.

Early in a career, investors often have longer time horizons and greater capacity to absorb market volatility. With fewer immediate financial obligations, younger investors may prioritize growth-oriented strategies, accepting higher risk in exchange for potential long-term returns. Market downturns, while uncomfortable, can be viewed as temporary setbacks rather than permanent losses.

As individuals move into mid-career stages, priorities often shift. Increased income may be accompanied by higher expenses, family responsibilities, and competing financial goals. During this phase, investors may seek a balance between growth and stability, adjusting portfolios to reduce excessive risk while still pursuing long-term appreciation.

Approaching retirement introduces a different set of considerations. Preserving capital and generating reliable income often become more important than aggressive growth. Significant market losses late in a career can have lasting effects, making risk management a central focus. However, overly conservative strategies can also pose risks, particularly when portfolios need to support decades of retirement spending.

Risk tolerance is influenced not only by age but also by personal experience, financial security, and psychological comfort. Two individuals at the same life stage may require very different strategies based on their circumstances and preferences.

Regular reviews help ensure that investment strategies evolve alongside life changes. Career shifts, health events, inheritance, or changes in family structure can all affect how much risk is appropriate. Aligning investments with current realities supports better decision-making and reduces the likelihood of emotional reactions during market volatility.

Selling an investment can be more difficult than buying one for many investors. When you buy an investment, you obviously have high hopes for how well that investment will perform. Unfortunately, it’s unlikely that every investment will meet your expectations. In that situation, holding on to your investment essentially means that you are not putting that money to its best use. Here’s a brief look at some of the signs that may indicate it is time to sell.

Changes in Investment Value

Experienced investors often establish a specific price target for an investment at the time they buy it. They also establish just how much of a decline from their purchase price they are willing to accept. If the security hits one of these two numbers, they sell. You may benefit from doing something similar. Decide on a percentage gain that you want from a particular investment and sell when it hits your target. Likewise, determine how much of a decline in the price of a security you are willing to accept and sell when the price falls to that target number.

An Investment’s Underperformance

You may opt to buy a specific investment because you have certain expectations for that investment. For example, you may buy stock in a company that you believe has a technology that is superior to anything currently available and has enormous potential for future profits. Or, you may buy a mutual fund* with a track record of strong long-term returns that you are optimistic will continue.** Short-term fluctuations in price are normal in investing. However, if you own stock in a company that loses money year after year or own shares of a mutual fund that consistently underperforms its benchmark index, selling may be the wiser option.

A Shift in Your Risk Tolerance

Your ability to handle the potential for losing some or all of your money in an investment is known as your risk tolerance and influences the types of investments you buy. You may find that, at some point, the risk level of an investment you own no longer matches your risk tolerance. It could also happen that your risk tolerance changes when, for example, you move closer to retirement. You may choose to sell an investment so that the asset allocation you have is more in line with your current situation.***

You Identify a Need to Rebalance Your Portfolio

Your investment portfolio may become unbalanced over time as some asset classes outperform other asset classes. When it gets to the point when one asset type comprises a larger or smaller percentage of your portfolio than you intended when first devising a suitable asset allocation, then you may consider selling some investments to rebalance your portfolio.

Determining when the time has come to sell an investment can be a tough decision. Emotions, fear of missing out, and other factors can cloud your judgement. That’s why the input of an experienced, objective financial professional can be so helpful in making investment decisions.

*You should consider the fund’s investment objectives, charges, expenses, and risks carefully before you invest. The fund’s prospectus, which can be obtained from your financial representative, contains this and other information about the fund. Read the prospectus carefully before you invest or send money. Shares, when redeemed, may be worth more or less than their original cost.

**Past performance does not guarantee future results.

***Asset allocation does not guarantee a profit or protect against loss.

Before you add bonds to your portfolio, you should understand how they work and what variations exist among them. Just as importantly, you need to identify the risks that come with owning bonds and how you can protect yourself from them.

Bond Basics

Bonds are essentially IOUs, issued by federal, state, and municipal governments as well as by corporations and governmental agencies. They are intended to raise revenue for a wide variety of activities. For example, governments issue bonds to finance the construction of infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, airports, public housing, and schools. Corporations may use the proceeds of bonds to pay for the construction of new manufacturing facilities, research and development, or to expand into new markets.

Bond investors essentially loan money to the bond’s issuer. In return, they receive interest payments at specified intervals plus a promise that the issuer will return the bond principal to investors when the bond’s term ends on its maturity date.1

Interest Rate Risk

Bonds are not a risk-free investment. Rising interest rates may reduce the desirability of the bonds you own because there is an inverse relationship between bond prices and yield. If you opt to sell a bond before it matures because interest rates on newly issued bonds have gone up, you will most likely have to accept a lower price than you paid for it.

The Importance of Credit Quality

Credit risk — or the risk that a bond issuer will fail to make promised interest and principal payments — is another important consideration. Bonds issued by companies or entities that are financially healthy are not as risky as bonds from issuers that are less financially sound. Bonds with low credit ratings offer higher yields to compensate for added risk to your portfolio.

Rating Agencies

Rating services assess municipal bonds, all types of corporate bonds, and international bonds. U.S. Treasury bonds are not rated. Before rating a bond, analysts assess various factors that could affect the issuer’s willingness and ability to meet its obligations to bondholders. For example, they examine other debt the company carries and how fast the company’s revenues and profits are growing. They take a holistic approach in that they also review the state of the economy and the financial health of other companies in the same business. In the case of municipal bond issuers, they examine and compare municipalities of a similar size and similar budget.

Credit ratings influence the interest rate an issuer must pay in order to sell its bonds. However, credit ratings are opinions about credit risk. Even though credit ratings are forward looking in that they assess the impact of foreseeable future events and can be useful to investors, they are not a guarantee that an investment will pay out or that an issuer will not default. While investors may use credit ratings in making investment decisions, they are not indicators of investment worth nor are they buy, sell, or hold recommendations. You can learn more about the rating systems of the two major services, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s, on their websites.

This information is not meant as tailored investment or tax advice. Before building a portfolio that includes bonds, you may find it helpful to discuss your strategy with a financial professional.

1Bonds can gain or lose value based on economic conditions and market events. Principal is not guaranteed.

It is important for investors to understand that every investment has its own set of risks. One key to successful investing is to recognize the different types of risks that could be a threat to one’s financial well-being and to take steps to minimize their impact. What follows is an overview of the primary forms of investment risk as well as some tips on how to minimize that risk.

Market Risk

This is the risk that the prices of securities may fall due to external factors such as world events, economic changes, or investors’ expectations and outlook. Stock investors are more likely to be impacted by this form of risk than fixed-income investors.

Inflation Risk

Also known as purchasing power risk, this is the risk that is connected to the uncertainty over the future purchasing power of the income and principal of an investment. When prices rise (inflation), purchasing power typically falls. Historically, stocks have been less impacted by this type of risk since they have been able to appreciate in price at a faster rate than the rate of inflation. Typically, lower yielding cash equivalents are more likely to be affected by a rise in inflation.

Interest Rate Risk

When interest rates move up and down, bond prices change. When interest rates move up, newly issued bonds will generally pay a higher interest rate than similar, older bonds. What happens next is that the market of existing bonds falls because there is less demand for them. In other words, they lose market value. The opposite happens when interest rates fall: Older, previously issued bonds will pay higher rates of interest than newly issued bonds, making the older bonds more appealing to investors. The bottom line is that falling interest rates are generally beneficial to bond owners.

Maturity Risk

Since it is impossible to predict how the financial markets will perform in the future, long-term bonds are generally considered to be riskier investments than short-term bonds. This type of risk is known as maturity risk. Issuers of long-term bonds attempt to compensate for the additional risk by offering higher yields.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that a bond issuer will be unable to pay interest on the bonds it issued or repay principal when the bonds mature. Rating services, such as Moody’s Investor Services and Standard & Poor’s, carefully investigate the financial health of a bond issuer in order to alert investors to the risks of a particular issue. The rating services rate municipal bonds, corporate bonds, and international bonds. They do not rate Treasury bonds since the assumption is that they are solid, backed by the full faith and credit of the federal government. The rating services rate bond quality according to a system that employs letters and numbers, with AAA or aaa indicating the highest quality issues and CCC or ccc and below indicating poor quality issues that could default.

Credit ratings influence the interest rate an issuer must pay in order to sell its bonds. However, credit ratings are opinions about credit risk. Even though credit ratings are forward looking in that they assess the impact of foreseeable future events and can be useful to investors, they are not a guarantee that an investment will pay out or that an issuer will not default.

Currency Risk

Changes in currency exchange rates will have an impact on returns from overseas investments. For example, when the dollar rises in value in relation to the Euro, the return on a fund that holds a large number of stocks in European businesses is reduced when the Euros are converted to U.S. dollars. The opposite occurs when the dollar falls in value in relation to the Euro.

All investments have risks. Before buying a security, understand that the key to investing success is balancing risk. You can do this by having a well-diversified portfolio and an asset allocation strategy based on your risk tolerance and the number of years until you retire.

Diversification helps you manage risk by spreading your assets among a broad mix of different investments. When you do this, you are taking advantage of the fact that securities usually don’t move in the same direction at the same time. When some investments drop in value, others may rise or remain unchanged, offsetting to some degree those investments that lose value. Of course, diversification does not ensure a profit or protect against loss in a declining market.

Be sure to talk to your financial professional for insights on how you can balance risk in your investment portfolio.

What would the consequences be if, after your death, no one could access the information you have stored electronically? If you’ve protected your accounts or files with passwords, it could easily happen.

Computers have changed the way we manage our personal and financial — and often, our professional — lives. And they’ve also created new challenges for estate planning. Consider, for example, an Internet business left in limbo because the owner made no provision for accessing accounts. Running the business — or even making customers and creditors aware of the situation — would be problematic without access to the owner’s digital records.

But business accounts and records aren’t the only potential casualties. Personal e-mail, address books, photo libraries, and financial information are also at risk of being lost if the decedent hasn’t shared passwords or designated someone in his or her will to have access to the records.

The legal treatment of digital assets remains a problem for the courts. Meanwhile, it’s important to revise your estate planning documents to include passwords and authorize access to your online and other protected computer data.

A Checklist for Your Digital Assets

• Determine what and how valuable your digital assets are.
• Give your executor or personal representative instructions for locating them.
• Share your passwords with the person you’ve designated to have access, and/or include a list with your estate documents.
• Instruct your representative to delete files containing sensitive information.
• Make provisions to renew business URLs after your death, so they won’t be lost.
• Plan for the disposal or transfer of digital assets just as you would for tangible assets.